Australia's Identified Mineral Resources 2025 Commodity Summaries

Major Uses:

Metal alloys, fire retardants, lead batteries, manufacturing solder, sheet and pipe metal, ammunition, bearings, castings and pewter.

Abbreviations
n.c. – no change; kt Sb – kilotonnes of antimony content; n.a. – not available

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases or decreases are in relation to 2023. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Production of aluminium metal for use in buildings, aeronautics, electric vehicles, whitegoods, power lines, food storage and renewable energy technologies.

Abbreviations
n.c. – no change; Mt – million tonnes; $m – million dollars (Australian).

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income is the sum of bauxite, alumina and aluminum categories, sourced from Office of the Chief Economist, Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Electricity generation, steel making.

Abbreviations
Mt – million tonnes; $m – million dollars (Australian).

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income is the sum of thermal and coking coal categories, sourced from Office of the Chief Economist, Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Electricity generation.

Abbreviations
n.c. – no change; Mt – million tonnes; n.a. – not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Rechargeable battery electrodes in lithium-ion batteries, electric vehicles, superalloys, pigments, catalysts and magnets.

Abbreviations
kt Co – kilotonnes of cobalt content; $m – million dollars (Australian).

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income sourced from Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government 2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Electricity distribution, electrical equipment and devices, plumbing, industrial machinery, interior fixtures, wind turbines, solar panels, electromagnets and the transport industry including electric vehicle.

Abbreviations
Mt Cu – million tonnes of copper content; $m – million dollars (Australian).

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases or decreases are in relation to 2023. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income is the sum of refined and ore/concentrate categories, sourced from Office of the Chief Economist, Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Jewellery, industrial cutting equipment, diamond machine tools, rock drilling bits, diamond polishing powders and compounds.

Abbreviations
n.c. – no change; Mc – million carats; $m – million dollars (Australian); n.a. – not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income is the sum of unsorted and gem categories, sourced from Office of the Chief Economist, Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Welding, the nuclear energy industry, plastics such as Teflon, an additive to water supplies and toothpaste to prevent tooth decay. Used in semiconductor manufacture and solar photovoltaic cells.

Abbreviations
n.c. – no change; kt F – kilotonnes of fluorine content; n.a. – not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Jewellery, storing monetary value, personal electronic devices, computers, dentistry and aerospace industries.

Abbreviations
t Au – tonnes of gold content; $m – million dollars (Australian).

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income sourced from Office of the Chief Economist, Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Anode component of lithium-ion batteries, refractory materials, lubricants and pencils.

Abbreviations
n.c. – no change; Mt – million tonnes; n.a. – not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
High-purity alumina ore is characterised by its purity levels (i.e. ≥99.99% Al₂O₃). It is used in electronics and lithium-ion batteries by the automotive and aerospace sectors.

Abbreviations
n.c. – no change; Mt – million tonnes; n.a. – not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Steel and stainless steel manufacture, civil engineering, transport, cast iron, magnets and alloys.

Abbreviations
Mt – million tonnes; $m – million dollars (Australian).

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income is the sum of ore, crude steel and scrap categories, sourced from Office of the Chief Economist, Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Batteries, underwater cable sheathing, solder, casting alloys, chemical compounds, weighting and radiation protection.

Abbreviations
Mt Pb – million tonnes of lead content; $m – million dollars (Australian).

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income is the sum of bullion, refined and concentrate categories, sourced from Office of the Chief Economist, Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Galvanised steel for construction and transport industries, die-casts, brass, chemicals, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and electrical equipment.

Abbreviations
n.c. – no change; Mt Zn – million tonnes of zinc content; $m – million dollars (Australian).

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income is the sum of refined and ore/concentrate categories, sourced from Office of the Chief Economist, Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles and mobile devices, ceramics and glass.

Abbreviations
kt Li – kilotonnes of lithium content; $m – million dollars (Australian).

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income is the sum of spodumene ore and concentrate sourced from Office of the Chief Economist, Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Capacitors for the electronics and telecommunications industry, resistors, semiconductors, alloys and superalloys, medical and dental applications and chemical process industries.

Abbreviations
n.c. – no change; kt Ta – kilotonnes of tantalum content; n.a. – not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases or decreases are in relation to 2023. Export income sourced from Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government 2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Micro alloy with iron for use in the construction and automotive industries, superalloys used in aeronautics and energy industries, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) equipment, glass, jewellery, prosthetics and medical implants.

Abbreviations
n.c. – no change; kt Nb – kilotonnes of niobium content; n.a. – not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income sourced from Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government 2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Used to produce magnesium oxide (MgO) for use as a refractory material in the steel industry, animal feeds and fertilisers, flooring compounds, flame retardants and the pharmaceutical industry.

Abbreviations
Mt MgCO₃ – million tonnes of magnesium carbonate (magnesite) content; $m – million dollars (Australian); n.a.– not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income from the South Australia Department for Energy and Mining (Report Book 2025/00013) and confidential data from the Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Alloying agent for steel manufacture, rechargeable electric vehicle batteries, plant fertilisers, animal feeds, glass and ceramics.

Abbreviations
n.c. ‒ no change; Mt – million tonnes; $m – million dollars (Australian).

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Available export income sourced from the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government 2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File and the Northern Territory Department of Industry Tourism and Trade, 2024 Northern Territory Mining Production. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Main source of titanium dioxide which is used in paints, plastics, fabrics, rubber, textiles, paper, sunscreen, cosmetics and as fluxing agents.

Abbreviations
Mt – million tonnes; n.a. – not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Production of titanium metals for aircraft, spacecraft, vehicles, surgical implants, sports equipment, desalination plants, and general industrial equipment.

Abbreviations
Mt – million tonnes; n.a. – not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Used as an opacifier for glazes on ceramic tiles, in refractories and for the foundry industry, nuclear reactors, superconducting magnets, chemical industries and cosmetics.

Abbreviations
Mt – million tonnes; n.a. – not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Drills, catalysts, lubricants, fertilisers, structural steel and steel alloys used in engine parts.

Abbreviations
n.c. – no change; kt Mo – kilotonnes of molybdenum content; n.a. – not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Stainless and heat-resistant steel production used in chemical industries, motor vehicles, medical applications, electronic engineering and construction. Also non-ferrous alloys, electroplating and lithium-ion batteries.

Abbreviations
Mt Ni – million tonnes of nickel content; $m – million dollars (Australian).

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income is the sum of refined/ intermediate and ore/concentrate categories sourced from Office of the Chief Economist, Resources and Energy Quarterly, December 2025. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Source of phosphorus, a strategic material. Phosphorous is used for fertilisers, animal feed, food additives, detergents, herbicides, electronics, asphalt, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. There is no substitute for phosphorus in agriculture.

Abbreviations
Mt – million tonnes of phosphate rock; n.a. – not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Jewellery, investment instrument, chemical industries, catalysts and catalytic converters, electronic devices, glass manufacture, industrial crucibles and surgical implants.

Abbreviations
n.c. – no change; t metal – tonnes of metal content from platinum group elements; $m – million dollars (Australian).

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income from Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government 2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Fertilisers, animals feeds, ceramics, detergents, pharmaceuticals, de-icing and glass manufacture.

Abbreviations
Mt K₂O – million tonnes of potassium oxide content.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Permanent magnets, motors, metal alloys, electronic and computing equipment, batteries, catalytic converters, petroleum refining, medical imaging, colouring agents, phosphors, lasers and special glass.

Abbreviations
n.c. – no change; Mt oxide – million tonnes of rare earth oxide plus yttrium oxide; n.a. – not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income is sourced from Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government 2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File and the Northern Territory Department of Industry Tourism and Trade, 2024 Northern Territory Mining Production. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Alloys for aerospace industries, solid oxide fuel cells, specialised lighting applications, ceramics, lasers, electronics and sporting goods.

Abbreviations
n.c. – no change; kt Sc – kilotonnes of scandium content; n.a. – not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Jewellery, silverware, storing monetary value, photographic paper and film, mirrors, water treatment, plastics, textiles and solar panels.

Abbreviations
kt Ag – kilotonnes of silver content; $m – million dollars (Australian).

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income sourced from Office of the Chief Economist, Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Bronze for electrical products and sculpture, solders, steel coatings, metal alloys, electric vehicles, lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, superconducting magnets, dyes, disinfectants, perfumes, cast iron, fire retardants and pewter.

Abbreviations
kt Sn – kilotonnes of tin content; $m – million dollars (Australian).

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income is based on tin concentrate and sourced from Office of the Chief Economist, Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Cemented carbides used in cutting applications and wear-resistant materials, electrodes, filaments (light bulbs), wires and components in electrical, heating, lighting and the aeronautical industry.

Abbreviations
n.c. – no change; kt W – kilotonnes of tungsten content; n.a. – not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Fuel for nuclear power reactors, medicine, food-processing, space and defence industry applications.

Abbreviations
kt U – kilotonnes of uranium content; $m – million dollars (Australian).

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. Export income is based on uranium oxide (U₃O₈) and sourced from Office of the Chief Economist, Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.

Major Uses:
Alloyed with iron for high-strength steel applications, ceramics, electronics, textiles, fertilisers, synthetic rubber, batteries and alloys used in nuclear engineering and superconductors.

Abbreviations
n.c. – no change; kt V – kilotonnes of vanadium content; n.a. – not available.

Notes
Resource figures are as at 31 December 2024. Operating mines and production are for calendar year 2024. Percentage increases and decreases and changes in the number of mines are in relation to 2023. World rankings are followed by percentage share in brackets.