2025 Preliminary Tables

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Australia's Identified Mineral Resources (AIMR) 2025 presents an annual assessment of Australia's mineral reserves and resources for 36 commodities. Preliminary national Ore Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates, as at 31 December 2024, are available in the tables below. The full AIMR 2025 report will be available in early 2026.

Table 1

Table 1. Australia's Ore Reserves and Mineral Resources of selected commodities at operating mines in 2024.

Commodity	Unit	No. of Operating Mines¹	Ore Reserves²	Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources³	Inferred Mineral Resources⁴	Mine Production⁵	Reserve Life (years)	Resource Life 1 (years)	Resource Life 2 (years)
Antimony	kt Sb	1	11.1	30.0	9.6	1.3⁽⁶⁾	9	23	30
Bauxite	Mt	9	1,783	1,740	1,986	100.5	18	17	37
Black Coal	Mt	96	10,959	33,617⁽⁷⁾	20,451	424⁽⁸⁾	26	79	128
Cobalt	kt Co	5	173	283	39	4.8⁽⁹⁾	36	59	67
Copper	Mt Cu	25	19.11	79.17	31.23	0.75	26	106	148
Gold	t Au	141	3,369	7,256	2,666	284	12	26	35
Iron Ore	Mt	55	12,330	31,383	53,373	954	13	33	89
Lead	Mt Pb	14	6.79	26.19	8.57	0.47	14	56	75
Lithium	kt Li	8	4,601	6,779	1,186	108⁽¹⁰⁾	43	63	74
Magnesite	Mt MgCO₃	5	0	81	392	0.4⁽¹²⁾	0	203	>1,000
Manganese Ore	Mt	3	118	267	38	2.7⁽¹¹⁾	44	99	113
Mineral Sands⁽¹³⁾
Ilmenite	Mt	12	37.2	104.8	22.2	0.51	73	205	249
Rutile	Mt	7	1.6	4.6	1.6	0.22	7	21	28
Zircon	Mt	9	10.5	26.6	6.3	0.35	30	76	94
Molybdenum	Mt	1	104	117	0	1.9⁽¹⁴⁾	55	62	62
Nickel	Mt Ni	13	2.6	7.5	2.1	0.10	26	76	98
Rare Earths⁽¹⁵⁾	Mt oxide	2	2.05	2.42	2.72	0.031⁽¹⁶⁾	66	78	165
Silver⁽¹⁷⁾	kt Ag	21	15.56	50.23	13.67	1.05	15	48	61
Tin	kt Sn	2	113	385	70	11.3⁽¹⁸⁾	10	34	40
Tungsten	kt W	3	53.6	144.9	29.26	>1⁽¹⁹⁾	<53	<144	<173
Uranium	kt U	3	307	1,051	346	4.656⁽²⁰⁾	66	226	300
Zinc	Mt Zn	14	15.56	49.05	20.50	1.10	14	45	63

Abbreviations

t = tonne; kt = kilotonne (1,000 t); Mt = million tonne (1,000,000 t).
Where an element symbol follows the unit it refers to contained metal content.

Notes

Reserve Life = Ore Reserves ÷ Production.
Resource Life 1 = Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources ÷ Production.
Resource Life 2 = (Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources + Inferred Mineral Resources) ÷ Production.

The number of operating mines counts individual mines that operated during 2024 and thus contributed to production. Some of these mines may belong to larger, multi-mine operations and some may have closed during or since 2024.
The majority of Australian Ore Reserves and Mineral Resources are reported in compliance with the JORC Code, however there are a number of companies that report to foreign stock exchanges using other reporting codes, which are largely equivalent. In addition, Geoscience Australia may hold confidential information for some commodities. Ore Reserves are as at 31 December 2024. NB: Not all operating mines report Ore Reserves.
Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources are inclusive of the Ore Reserves. Mineral Resources are as at 31 December 2024. NB: Not all operating mines report Mineral Resources.
Inferred Mineral Resources are as at 31 December 2024. NB: Not all operating mines report Mineral Resources.
Mining production from Office of the Chief Economist, Department of Industry, Science and Resources (Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025), unless otherwise stated. Production data often have a higher level of certainty than reserve and resource estimates and, thus, may be presented with more significant figures.
Antimony production from company reports (Mandalay Resources Ltd).
Measured, Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resources for black coal are presented on a recoverable basis. These are Geoscience Australia estimates unless provided by the company.
Mine production refers to saleable coal.
Cobalt production data from Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government (2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File).
Production of lithium spodumene is sourced from the Office of the Chief Economist, Department of Industry, Science and Resources (Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025), production of lithium estimated assuming 6% Li₂O in spodumene concentrates.
Australian manganese ore production from Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government (2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File) and company reports (South 32 Ltd). Geoscience Australia estimates 1.1 Mt contained manganese metal produced from 2.7 Mt ore.
Australian magnesite production from South Australia Department for Energy and Mining (Report Book 2025/00013), the Queensland Department of Resources (Annual Mineral Summary 2021-22 to 2023-24) and assumed minor production from New South Wales.
Australian mineral sands production data based on estimates from New South Wales Government Department of Regional NSW (pers. comm.); Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government (2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File); South Australia Department for Energy and Mining (Report Book 2025/00013); and Northern Territory Department of Industry Tourism and Trade (2024 Northern Territory Mining Production).
Molybdenum production is a Geoscience Australia estimate based on company correspondence.
Rare earths comprise rare earth oxides (REO) and yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃).
Rare earths production data from Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government (2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File).
Major silver producing mines only; many gold and copper mines also produce silver as a by-product but these are not counted here.
The Office of the Chief Economist reports tin production of 11.3 kt in 2024. Renison, Australia’s only significant tin mine, reports 11.0 kt. Additional production is as by-product from other operations such as Greenbushes.
Tungsten production is a Geoscience Australia estimate based on company reports (EQ Resources Ltd and Group 6 Metals Ltd) and assumed minor production at Kara mine in Tasmania (Tasmania Mines Pty Ltd).
Uranium production from company reports (BHP Ltd, Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd and Boss Energy Ltd).

Table 2. Australia's Estimated Ore Reserves¹ as at December 2024.

Commodity	Unit	Proved Ore Reserves	Probable Ore Reserves	Proven & Probable Ore Reserves²	Total Ore Reserves	Mine Production³	Reserve Life
Antimony	kt Sb	14.2	34.7	0	48.9	1.3⁽⁴⁾	38
Bauxite	Mt	808	975	0	1,783	100.5	18
Black Coal	Mt	6,176	5,420	1,110	12,706	424⁽⁵⁾	30
Brown Coal	Mt	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	39.0⁽⁶⁾	n.a.
Chromium	kt Cr	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cobalt	kt Co	232	412	0	644	4.8⁽⁷⁾	134
Copper	Mt Cu	8.94	16.07	0	25.01	0.75	33
Diamond	Mc	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fluorine	kt F	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gold	t Au	1,037	3,739	9	4,785	284	17
Graphite	Mt	1.5	3.9	0	5.4	0	n.a.
High Purity Alumina Ore⁽⁸⁾	Mt	0.2	1.0	0.0	1.2	0	n.a.
Iron⁽⁹⁾
Hematite ore	Mt	4,473	7,593	0	12,066	n.a.	n.a.
Magnetite ore	Mt	2,590	8,566	0	11,156	n.a.	n.a.
Iron ore	Mt	7,054	16,163	0	23,217	954	24
Contained iron	Mt Fe	3,181	6,570	0	9,751	592	16
Lead	Mt Pb	5.69	4.09	0	9.78	0.47	21
Lithium	kt Li	279	4,322	0	4,601	108⁽¹⁰⁾	43
Magnesite	Mt MgCO₃	0	0	0	0	0.4⁽¹¹⁾	n.a.
Manganese Ore	Mt	34	69	17	119	2.7⁽¹²⁾	44
Mineral Sands
Ilmenite	Mt	32.3	41.4	0	73.7	0.51⁽¹³⁾	145
Rutile	Mt	6.5	6.1	0	12.6	0.22⁽¹³⁾	57
Zircon	Mt	14.9	17.6	0	32.5	0.35⁽¹³⁾	93
Molybdenum	kt Mo	0	259	0	259	1.9⁽¹⁴⁾	136
Nickel	Mt Ni	2.5	5.3	0	7.8	0.10	79
Niobium	kt Nb	58	0	0	58	n.a.⁽¹⁵⁾	n.a.
PGE	t metal	0.4	0.0	0	0.4	0.575⁽¹⁶⁾	<1
Phosphate
Phosphate rock⁽¹⁷⁾	Mt	14	28	81	123	3.1⁽¹⁸⁾	41
Contained P₂O₅	Mt P₂O₅	4	9	20	32	n.a.	n.a.
Potash	Mt K₂O	2.0	8.8	0	10.8	0	n.a.
Rare Earths⁽¹⁹⁾	Mt oxide	2.14	1.66	0	3.79	0.031⁽²⁰⁾	122
Scandium	kt Sc	6.02	5.63	0	11.65	n.a.	n.a.
Silver	kt Ag	12.26	9.87	0	22.13	1.05	21
Tantalum	kt Ta	6.7	24.5	0	31.1	0.2⁽²¹⁾	155
Thorium	kt Th	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tin	kt Sn	87	125	0	212	11.3	19
Tungsten	kt W	21	198	0	218	>1⁽²²⁾	<217
Uranium	kt U	170	159	0	329	4.656⁽²³⁾	71
Vanadium	kt V	0	1,683	0	1,683	0	n.a.
Zinc	Mt Zn	10.97	7.36	0	18.33	1.10	17

Abbreviations

t = tonne; kt = kilotonnes (1,000 t); Mt = million tonnes (1,000,000 t); Mc = million carats (1,000,000 carats); n.a. = not available; PGE = platinum group elements (platinum, palladium, osmium, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium).
Where an element symbol follows the unit it refers to contained metal content.

Notes

Reserve Life = Ore Reserves ÷ Production.
Figures are rounded so Proved, Probable and Proven & Probable Ore Reserves may not add up to Total Ore Reserves exactly.

The majority of Australian Ore Reserves are reported in compliance with the JORC Code, however there are a number of companies that report to foreign stock exchanges using other reporting codes, which are largely equivalent. In addition, Geoscience Australia may hold confidential information for some commodities.
‘Proven & Probable Ore Reserves’ is a reporting category distinct from 'Proved Reserves' and 'Probable Reserves'. It is no longer supported by the JORC Code but because some overseas reporting codes still use this category, and some historical resources fall into this category, it is included in this table.
Mining production from Office of the Chief Economist, Department of Industry, Science and Resources (Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025), unless otherwise stated. Production data often have a higher level of certainty than reserve and resource estimates and, thus, may be presented with more significant figures.
Antimony production from company reports (Mandalay Resources Ltd).
Black coal production refers to saleable coal.
Australian production of brown coal is sourced from the Victorian State Government, Earth Resources Regulation, Annual Statistical Report FY 2023-24.
Cobalt production data from Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government (2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File).
Australia's high purity alumina ore is primarily kaolin, but other ore types also occur.
Hematite ore and magnetite ore do not add up exactly to total iron ore Resources due to a small number of data discrepancies.
Production of lithium spodumene is sourced from the Office of the Chief Economist, Department of Industry, Science and Resources (Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025), production of lithium estimated assuming 6% Li₂ in spodumene concentrates.
Australian magnesite production from South Australia Department for Energy and Mining (Report Book 2025/00013), the Queensland Department of Resources (Annual Mineral Summary 2021-22 to 2023-24) and assumed minor production from New South Wales
Australian manganese ore production from Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government (2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File) and company reports (South 32 Ltd). Geoscience Australia estimates 1.1 Mt contained manganese metal produced from 2.7 Mt ore.
Australian mineral sands production data based on estimates from New South Wales Government Department of Regional NSW (pers. comm.); Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government (2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File); South Australia Department for Energy and Mining (Report Book 2025/00013); and Northern Territory Department of Industry Tourism and Trade (2024 Northern Territory Mining Production)
Molybdenum production is a Geoscience Australia estimate based on company correspondence
There are no mines producing niobium as a primary product in Australia but it is likely produced in concentrate or as a by-product at some lithium/tantalum operations, but these data have not been reported.
Platinum and palladium production data Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government (2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File).
Phosphate rock is reported as being economic at grades ranging from 15.5% to 30.9% P₂O₅.
Phosphate rock production based on 488,488 t from Christmas Island (company correspondence); 573,564 t from Ardmore (Centrex Ltd, Quarterly Reports); 615 t recorded by the Department for Energy and Mining, South Australia (Report Book 2025/00013); and Geoscience Australia estimation of 2,040,000 t from Phosphate Hill based on ammonium phosphate production of 740,000 t (Dyno Nobel Ltd, Annual Report 2024).
Rare earths comprise rare earth oxides (REO) and yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃).
Rare earths production data from Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government (2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File).
Tantalum production data from Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government (2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File). Production represents a maximum as no correction has been made for actual tantalite concentration in reported concentrates.
Tungsten production is a Geoscience Australia estimate based on company reports (EQ Resources Ltd and Group 6 Metals Ltd) and assumed minor production at Kara mine in Tasmania (Tasmania Mines Pty Ltd).
Uranium production from company reports (BHP Ltd, Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd and Boss Energy Ltd).

Table 3. Australia's Identified Mineral Resources as at December 2024.

Commodity	Unit	Australia						World
		Demonstrated Resources			Inferred Resources²	Accessible EDR³	Mine Production⁴	Economic Resources⁵	Mine Production⁶
		Economic (EDR)¹	Subeconomic
		Economic (EDR)¹	Paramarginal	Submarginal
Antimony	kt Sb	125.6	8.0	0	88.6	125.6	1.3⁽⁷⁾	>2,000	103
Bauxite	Mt	3,969	61	1,429	2,715	3,969	100.5	29,500	450
Black Coal
In situ	Mt	86,640	2,466	4,638	98,554	85,754	546⁽⁸⁾	n.a.	n.a.
Recoverable	Mt	72,985	1,902	3,362	77,076	72,337	424⁽⁸⁾	796,717⁽⁹⁾	7,904⁽⁹⁾
Brown Coal
In situ	Mt	81,234	45,696	239,225	122,509	79,472	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Recoverable	Mt	74,039	42,082	215,303	105,228	72,453	39.0⁽¹⁰⁾	320,533⁽¹¹⁾	1,120⁽¹¹⁾
Chromium	kt Cr	748	3,898	0	2,315	748	0	>1,200,000⁽¹²⁾	47,000⁽¹²⁾
Cobalt	kt Co	1,716	182	5	1,241	1,716	4.8⁽¹³⁾	11,000	290
Copper	Mt Cu	108.41	1.10	0.24	53.89	108.41	0.75	980	22.6
Diamond	Mc	2.81	0	0	18.56	2.81	0	1,700⁽¹⁴⁾	41
Fluorine	kt F	3,682	613	6	1,562	3,682	0	155,000	4,600⁽¹⁵⁾
Gold	t Au	12,955	142	50	7,082	12,938	284	65,000	3,300
Graphite	Mt	22.6	<1	0	41.6	22.6	0	302	1.6
High Purity Alumina Ore⁽¹⁶⁾	Mt	35.9	0.0	0.0	40.2	35.9	0	n.a.	n.a.
Iron⁽¹⁷⁾
Hematite ore	Mt	33,596	480	28	53,415	33,596	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Magnetite ore	Mt	26,014	4,200	953	35,569	26,014	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Iron ore	Mt	58,522	4,717	1,189	90,588	58,522	954	200,000	2,500
Contained iron	Mt Fe	26,544	1,419	372	41,326	26,544	592	88,000	1,600
Lead	Mt Pb	34.61	1.31	0.14	23.87	34.61	0.47	96	4.4
Lithium	kt Li	8,799	0	<1	1,758	8,799	108⁽¹⁸⁾	31,000	250
Magnesite	Mt MgCO₃	354	73	35	537	354	0.4⁽¹⁹⁾	7,800	22⁽²⁰⁾
Manganese Ore	Mt	675	<1	190	408	675	2.7⁽²¹⁾	1,300⁽²²⁾	18.2⁽²²⁾
Mineral Sands
Ilmenite	Mt	308.3	16.3	10.9	243.1	272.2	0.51⁽²³⁾	>588	14.3
Rutile	Mt	42.2	0.1	3.1	38.3	36.8	0.22⁽²³⁾	>56	0.5
Zircon	Mt	89.7	0.3	5.0	62.7	82.1	0.35⁽²³⁾	110	1.8
Molybdenum	kt Mo	894	333	<1	1,185	894	1.9⁽²⁴⁾	15,000	260
Nickel	Mt Ni	24.7	2.2	<1	18.3	24.7	0.10	>130	3.6
Niobium	kt Nb	269	15	0	1,978	269	n.a.⁽²⁵⁾	>17,000	110
PGE	t metal	527.6	60.0	2.7	577.6	527.6	0.575⁽²⁶⁾	>81,000	360⁽²⁷⁾
Phosphate
Phosphate rock⁽²⁸⁾	Mt	799	502	0	1,890	799	3.1⁽²⁹⁾	74,000	240
Contained P₂O₅	Mt P₂O₅	94	128	0	346	94	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Potash
In situ	Mt K₂O	12.7	329.4	0	969.7	12.7	0	>10,000	n.a.
Recoverable	Mt K₂O	12.7	37.1	0	145.3	12.7	0	>4,800	48
Rare Earths⁽³⁰⁾	Mt oxide	7.28	4.71	34.88	30.72	7.28	0.031⁽³¹⁾	>90	0.41
Scandium	kt Sc	43.24	0	0	44.97	43.24	0	n.a.	n.a.
Silver	kt Ag	85.37	1.63	0.48	46.45	85.37	1.05	640	25.2
Tantalum	kt Ta	103.3	1.2	0.2	35.1	103.3	0.2⁽³²⁾	n.a.	2.1
Thorium	kt Th	0	0	796	658	0	0	n.a.	n.a.
Tin	kt Sn	702	61	32	334	702	11.3	>4,200	300
Tungsten	kt W	568	26	5	193	568	>1⁽³³⁾	>4,600	81
Uranium	kt U	1,283	52	27	597	1,280	4.656⁽³⁴⁾	3,869⁽³⁵⁾	49.5⁽³⁵⁾
Vanadium	kt V	10,173	344	2,526	20,337	10,173	0	20,000	100
Zinc	Mt Zn	61.76	0.43	0.67	48.96	61.76	1.10	230	12

Abbreviations

Notes

Economic Demonstrated Resources (EDR) predominantly comprise Ore Reserves and most Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources that have been reported in accordance with the Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC) Code to the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). In addition, some reserves and resources have been reported using other reporting codes to foreign stock exchanges and Geoscience Australia may hold confidential data for some commodities.
Total Inferred Resources in economic, subeconomic and undifferentiated categories.
Accessible Economic Demonstrated Resources (AEDR) is the portion of total EDR that is accessible for mining. AEDR does not include resources that are inaccessible for mining because of environmental restrictions, government policies or military lands.
Mining production from Office of the Chief Economist, Department of Industry, Science and Resources (Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025), unless otherwise stated. Production data often have a higher level of certainty than reserve and resource estimates and, thus, may be presented with more significant figures.
World economic resources from the United States Geological Survey (Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025) and adjusted with Geoscience Australia data, unless otherwise stated.
World mine production from the United States Geological Survey (Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025) and adjusted with Geoscience Australia data, unless otherwise stated.
Australian antimony production from company reports (Mandalay Resources Ltd).
Australian black coal resources and production are presented as in situ resources with raw mine production, and recoverable resources with saleable mine production.
World economic resources and world production of black coal (data for 2023) from the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Germany (BGR Energy Data 2024 - German and Global Energy Suplies; Hanover) issued December 2024).
Australian production of brown coal is sourced from the Victorian State Government, Earth Resources Regulation, Annual Statistical Report FY 2023-24.
World economic resources and world production of brown coal (data for 2023) from the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Germany (BGR Energy Data 2024 - German and Global Energy Suplies; Hanover) issued December 2024).
World economic resources and mine production are presented as chromite ore.
Cobalt production data from Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government (2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File).
World resource figures are for industrial diamonds only, no data provided for resources of gem diamonds.
World mine production of fluorine excludes the USA.
Australia's high purity alumina ore is primarily kaolin, but other ore types also occur.
Hematite ore and magnetite ore do not add up exactly to total iron ore Resources due to a small number of data discrepancies.
Production of lithium spodumene is sourced from the Office of the Chief Economist, Department of Industry, Science and Resources (Resources and Energy Quarterly, September 2025), production of lithium estimated assuming 6% Li₂O in spodumene concentrates.
Australian magnesite production from South Australia Department for Energy and Mining (Report Book 2025/00013), the Queensland Department of Resources (Annual Mineral Summary 2021-22 to 2023-24) and assumed minor production from New South Wales
World mine production excludes the USA.
Australian manganese ore production from Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government (2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File) and company reports (South 32 Ltd). Geoscience Australia estimates 1.1 Mt contained manganese metal produced from 2.7 Mt ore.
World economic resources and mine production of manganese are published by the United States Geological Survey as manganese content, not manganese ore.
Australian mineral sands production data based on estimates from New South Wales Government Department of Regional NSW (pers. comm.); Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government (2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File); South Australia Department for Energy and Mining (Report Book 2025/00013); and Northern Territory Department of Industry Tourism and Trade (2024 Northern Territory Mining Production).
Molybdenum production is a Geoscience Australia estimate based on company correspondence.
There are no mines producing niobium as a primary product in Australia but it is likely produced in concentrate or as a by-product at some lithium/tantalum operations, but these data have not been reported.
Australian platinum and palladium production data from Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government (2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File).
World mine production is platinum and palladium only.
Phosphate rock is reported as being economic at grades ranging from 15.5% to 30.9% P₂O₅.
Phosphate rock production based on 488,488 t from Christmas Island (company correspondence); 573,564 t from Ardmore (Centrex Ltd, Quarterly Reports); 615 t recorded by the Department for Energy and Mining, South Australia (Report Book 2025/00013); and Geoscience Australia estimation of 2,040,000 t from Phosphate Hill based on ammonium phosphate production of 740,000 t (Dyno Nobel Ltd, Annual Report 2024).
Rare earths comprise rare earth oxides (REO) and yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃).
Rare earths production data from Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government (2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File).
Australian tantalum production data Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australian Government (2024 Major Commodities Resource Data File). Production represents a maximum as no correction has been made for actual tantalite concentration in reported concentrates.
Tungsten production is a Geoscience Australia estimate based on company reports (EQ Resources Ltd and Group 6 Metals Ltd) and assumed minor production at Kara mine in Tasmania (Tasmania Mines Pty Ltd).
Australian uranium production from company reports (BHP Ltd, Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd and Boss Energy Ltd).
World economic resources and production as at 1 January 2023 from the Nuclear Energy Agency and the International Atomic energy Agency (Uranium 2024: Resources, Production and Demand). Uranium EDR based on Reasonably Assured Resources recoverable at costs of less than US$130/kgU.

Table 4. Changes in Australia's Economic Demonstrated Resources (EDR), World Economic Resources and Australian and world production from 2023 to 2024.

Commodity	Unit	Australian EDR			World Economic Resources	Australian production			World production¹
Commodity	Unit	2023	2024	Change (%)	Change (%)	2023	2024	Change (%)	Change (%)
Antimony	kt Sb	112.4	125.6	12%	n.a.	1.9	1.3	-32%	-3%
Bauxite	Mt	3,714	3,969	7%	-2%	103.8	100.5	-3%	3%
Black Coal (in situ)²	Mt	85,774	86,640	1%	n.a.	547	546	0%	n.a.
Black Coal (recoverable)³	Mt	72,487	72,985	1%	2%	428	424	-1%	5%
Brown Coal (in situ)²	Mt	81,234	81,234	0%	n.a.	38.6	39.0	1%	n.a.
Brown Coal (recoverable)³	Mt	74,039	74,039	0%	0%	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	-6%
Chromium	kt Cr	748	748	0%	>114%	0	0	0%	4%
Cobalt	kt Co	1,690	1,716	2%	0%	5.3	4.8	-9%	22%
Copper	Mt Cu	104.74	108.41	4%	-2%	0.78	0.75	-4%	0%
Diamond⁽³⁾	Mc	2.81	2.81	0%	0%	0	0	0%	0%
Fluorine	kt F	343	3,682	974%	14%	0	0	0%	0%
Gold	t Au	12,676	12,955	2%	10%	296	284	-4%	2%
Graphite	Mt	10.8	22.6	109%	3%	0	0	0%	5%
High Purity Alumina Ore	Mt Al₂O₃	19.1	35.9	88%	n.a.	0	0	0%	n.a.
Iron
Hematite Ore	Mt	34,601	33,596	-3%	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Magnetite Ore	Mt	24,948	26,014	4%	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Total Iron Ore	Mt	58,622	58,522	0%	5%	953	954	0%	-1%
Contained iron	Mt Fe	26,955	26,544	-2%	1%	589	592	1%	3%
Lead	Mt Pb	34.28	34.61	1%	4%	0.47	0.47	0%	0%
Lithium	kt Li	8,440	8,799	4%	3%	95	108	14%	23%
Magnesite⁽⁴⁾	Mt MgCO₃	336	354	5%	1%	0.4	0.4	-5%	-1%
Manganese Ore	Mt	576	675	17%	-14%	4.1	2.7	-34%	-7%
Mineral Sands
Ilmenite	Mt	305.8	308.3	1%	n.a.	0.63	0.51	-19%	0%
Rutile	Mt	41.2	42.2	2%	n.a.	0.20	0.22	10%	-24%
Zircon	Mt	87.7	89.7	2%	-4%	0.41	0.35	-15%	0%
Molybdenum	kt Mo	759	894	18%	0%	1.2	1.9	59%	6%
Nickel	Mt Ni	24.6	24.7	0%	n.a.	0.15	0.10	-34%	-3%
Niobium	kt Nb	255	269	5%	n.a.	n.a	n.a.	0%	0%
PGE	t metal	466.3	527.6	13%	>14%	0.512	0.575	12%	-7%
Phosphate
Phosphate rock	Mt	803	799	0%	0	3.3(5)	3.1	-6%	3%
Contained phosphate	Mt P₂O₅	131	94	-28%	n.a.	n.a	n.a	n.a.	n.a.
Potash	Mt K₂O	49.4	12.7	-74%	n.a.	<0.1	0.0	-100%	11%
Rare Earths⁽⁶⁾	Mt oxide	6.26	7.28	16%	n.a.	0.029	0.031	7%	10%
Scandium	kt Sc	34.41	43.24	26%	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	0%	n.a.
Silver	kt Ag	91.39	85.37	-7%	5%	1.03	1.05	1%	-1%
Tantalum	kt Ta	120.8	103.3	-14%	n.a.	0.16	0.20	26%	3%
Thorium	kt Th	0	0	0%	n.a.	0	0	0%	n.a.
Tin	kt Sn	566	702	24%	n.a.	9.9	11.3	14%	-2%
Tungsten	kt W	568	568	0%	>5%	0.52	>1	>92%	2%
Uranium	kt U	1,260	1,283	2%	n.a.	4.686	4.656	-1%	n.a.
Vanadium	kt V	10,022	10,173	2%	0%	0	0	0%	-4%
Zinc	Mt Zn	63.66	61.76	-3%	3%	1.10	1.10	0%	-1%

Abbreviations

Notes

World production data in 2023 has been reestimated for some commodities since the previous edition of Australia's Identified Mineral Resources owing to new information.
In situ coal EDR and raw coal production.
Recoverable coal EDR and saleable production.
Magnesite EDR in 2023 has been reassessed since the previous edition of Australia's Identified Mineral Resources.
Australian phosphate production for 2023 has been reestimated from the previous edition of Australia's Identified Minerals Resources owing to new information.
Rare earths comprise rare earth oxides (REO) and yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃).

Table 5. World ranking for Australian Economic Resources and Australian production as at December 2024.

Commodity	World Ranking for Economic Resources	Share of World Economic Resources	World Ranking for Production	Share of World Production
Antimony	6	6%	7	1%
Bauxite	2	13%	2	22%
Black Coal (recoverable)	4	9%	5	5%
Brown Coal (recoverable)	2	23%	8	3%
Chromium	minor	minor	none	0%
Cobalt	2	16%	4	2%
Copper	2	11%	8	3%
Diamond	minor	minor	none	0%
Fluorine	8	2%	none	0%
Gold	1	20%	3	9%
Graphite	5	7%	none	0%
High Purity Alumina Ore	unknown	unknown	none	0%
Ilmenite	1	51%	4	4%
Iron Ore	1	30%	1	38%
Lead	1	36%	2	11%
Lithium	2	28%	1	43%
Magnesite	4	5%	7	2%
Manganese Ore	4	9%	3	6%
Molybdenum	6	6%	minor	minor
Nickel	2	19%	7	3%
Niobium	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown
Phosphate	13	1%	11	1%
PGE	minor	minor	minor	minor
Potash	12	minor	none	0%
Rare Earths	3	8%	3	8%
Rutile	1	65%	1	44%
Scandium	unknown	unknown	none	0%
Silver	3	13%	9	4%
Tantalum	unknown	unknown	7	2%
Thorium	n.a.	0%	none	0%
Tin	2	16%	8	4%
Tungsten	2	12%	7	1%
Uranium	1	32%	4	8%
Vanadium	1	51%	none	0%
Zinc	1	27%	3	9%
Zircon	1	82%	2	17%

Abbreviations

PGE = platinum group elements (platinum, palladium, osmium, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium).

Notes

World rankings determined by comparing Australia’s EDR and production to economic resources and production reported for other countries (see sources below). Undocumented resources and production are not used in the comparisons.
Minor = <1% of global economic resources and/or production, therefore Australia’s ranking unable to be determined.
Unknown = Global economic resources are too opaque for comparisons (e.g., there are large, undocumented tantalum resources in the Congo) or Australian production is likely to have occurred during the year but quantities are not publicly available.
World economic resources and world production of black coal and brown coal based on 2023 data.
Uranium EDR based on Reasonably Assured Resources recoverable at costs of less than US$130/kg.

Sources

United States Geological Survey (Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025); World Nuclear Association (Uranium Production, Figures 2024); Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Germany (Energy Data 2024).

Table 6. Average reserve life and resource life (years) for selected commodities as at December 2024.

Commodity	Australia					World
	Operating Mines¹			All Deposits		All Deposits
	Ore Reserves²	Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources³	All Resources⁴	Ore Reserves⁵	AEDR⁶	World Economic Resources⁷
Bauxite	18	17	52	18	40	65
Black Coal	26	79	128	30	170	105
Brown Coal	unknown	53	90	unknown	>1,000	270
Cobalt	36	59	67	134	360	45
Copper	26	106	148	33	145	45
Gold	12	26	35	17	45	20
Ilmenite	73	205	249	145	>500	>41
Iron Ore	13	33	89	24	60	80
Lead	14	56	75	21	75	20
Lithium	43	63	74	43	80	125
Magnesite	unknown	203	>1,000	unknown	>800	355
Manganese Ore	44	99	113	44	250	70
Nickel	26	75	97	78	245	>35
Rare Earths	66	78	165	122	235	>215
Rutile	7	21	28	57	165	>110
Silver	15	48	61	21	80	25
Tin	15	34	40	19	60	>15
Tungsten	<53	<144	<173	<217	<565	>55
Uranium	66	226	300	71	275	80
Zinc	14	45	63	17	55	20
Zircon	30	76	94	93	235	60

Notes

Reserve and resource life for each mineral commodity are calculated by dividing the inventory by Australian production. The resulting ratio is a snapshot in time that can only be used for general impressions because it is an average and it assumes (1) that production rates in the future will remain the same as those used in the calculation, (2) deposits deemed economic/uneconomic remain so in the future and (3) that depleted resources are never replaced.

Operating mines includes all mines that operated during 2024 and thus contributed to production (see Table 1).
Ore Reserves for operating mines, as reported with the JORC Code, plus non-JORC Code equivalents (see Table 1).
Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources for operating mines inclusive of Ore Reserves, as reported with the JORC Code, plus non-JORC Code-equivalents (see Table 1).
All Resources for Operating Mines includes Measured, Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resources, inclusive of Ore Reserves, as reported with the JORC Code, plus non-JORC Code-equivalents (see Table 1).
Ore Reserves for all deposits as reported with the JORC Code, plus non-JORC Code equivalents (see Table 2).
AEDR for all deposits = Accessible Economic Demonstrated Resources (see Table 3). Figures rounded to nearest five years.
World Economic Resources is calculated by dividing World Economic Resources by World Mine Production (see Table 3). Figures rounded to nearest five years.

Table 7. Comparisons of EDR of commodities at Australian mines to total EDR as at December 2024.

Commodity	Unit	EDR	Number of			Percentage of EDR
Commodity	Unit	EDR	Deposits with EDR	Operating Mines with EDR	All Mines with EDR	Operating Mines	All Mines	Other Deposits
Bauxite	Mt	3,969	20	9	10	82%	82%	18%
Black Coal, recoverable	Mt	72,985	261	95	106	49%	50%	50%
Brown coal	Mt	74,039	36	2	2	3%	3%	97%
Cobalt	kt Co	1,716	116	5	23	17%	38%	62%
Copper	Mt Cu	108.41	253	25	45	77%	81%	19%
Gold	t Au	12,955	800	141	234	65%	72%	28%
Graphite	Mt	22.6	17	0	3	0%	28%	72%
Iron Ore	Mt	58,522	89	53	66	58%	71%	29%
Lead	Mt Pb	34.61	87	13	24	77%	83%	17%
Lithium	kt Li	8,799	19	8	10	91%	94%	6%
Magnesite	Mt MgCO₃	354	13	4	4	23%	23%	77%
Manganese Ore	Mt	675	15	3	6	40%	42%	58%
Mineral Sands
Ilmenite	Mt	308.3	83	12	29	33%	41%	59%
Rutile	Mt	42.2	59	7	8	19%	30%	70%
Zircon	Mt	89.7	82	9	13	30%	47%	53%
Nickel	Mt Ni	24.7	118	13	30	31%	48%	52%
Rare earths	Mt oxide	7.28	30	2	11	32%	68%	32%
Silver	kt Ag	85.37	175	17	35	60%	69%	31%
Tungsten	kt W	568	15	3	4	26%	27%	73%
Uranium	kt U	1,283	32	3	3	82%	82%	18%
Zinc	Mt Zn	61.76	108	14	26	80%	83%	17%

Abbreviations

t = tonne; kt = kilotonnes (1,000 t); Mt = million tonnes (1,000,000 t).
Where an element symbol follows the unit it refers to contained metal content.

Notes

All Mines = mines that are currently operating, placed on care and maintenance or under development.
'Deposits with EDR’ is inclusive of the mines.

Table 8. Comparisons of Ore Reserves of commodities to total EDR and AEDR as at December 2024.

Commodity	Unit	Ore Reserves	EDR	AEDR	Ore Reserves/EDR (%)	Ore Reserves/AEDR (%)
Bauxite	Mt	1,783	3,912	3,912	46%	46%
Black Coal, recoverable	Mt	12,706	72,985	72,337	17%	18%
Cobalt	kt Co	644	1,716	1,716	38%	38%
Copper	Mt Cu	25.01	108.41	108.41	23%	23%
Gold	t Au	4,785	12,955	12,946	37%	37%
Graphite	Mt	5.4	22.6	22.6	24%	24%
Iron Ore	Mt	23,217	58,522	58,522	40%	40%
Lead	Mt Pb	9.78	34.61	34.61	28%	28%
Lithium	kt Li	4,601	8,799	8,799	52%	52%
Manganese Ore	Mt	119	675	675	19%	19%
Magnesite	Mt MgCO₃	0	354	354	0%	0%
Mineral Sands
Ilmenite	Mt	73.7	308.3	272.2	24%	27%
Rutile	Mt	12.6	42.2	36.8	30%	34%
Zircon	Mt	32.5	89.7	82.1	36%	40%
Molybdenum	kt	259	894	894	29%	29%
Nickel	Mt Ni	7.8	24.7	24.7	32%	32%
PGE	t metal	0.4	527.6	527.6	<1%	<1%
Rare Earths	Mt oxide	3.79	7.28	7.28	52%	52%
Scandium	kt Sc	11.65	43.24	43.24	27%	27%
Silver	kt Ag	22.13	85.37	85.37	26%	26%
Tin	kt Sn	212	702	702	30%	30%
Tungsten	kt W	218	568	568	38%	38%
Uranium	kt U	329	1,283	1,280	26%	26%
Vanadium	kt V	1,683	10,173	10,173	17%	17%
Zinc	Mt Zn	18.33	61.76	61.76	30%	30%

Abbreviations

t = tonne; kt = kilotonnes (1,000 t); Mt = million tonnes (1,000,000 t).
Where an element symbol follows the unit it refers to contained metal content.
EDR = Economic Demonstrated Resources. AEDR = Accessible Economic Demonstrated Resources.

Table 9. Distribution of EDR of commodities in Australia as at December 2024.

Commodity	Unit	EDR	Number of		Percentage of EDR in largest
Commodity	Unit	EDR	Deposits	Deposits with EDR	10 deposits	20 deposits
Bauxite	Mt	3,969	39	20 (51%)	99%	100%
Black Coal, recoverable	Mt	72,985	351	261 (74%)	31%	45%
Brown Coal, recoverable	Mt	74,039	73	36 (49%)	59%	85%
Cobalt	kt Co	1,716	192	116 (60%)	56%	73%
Copper	Mt Cu	108.41	438	253 (58%)	79%	87%
Gold	t Au	12,955	1,424	800 (56%)	46%	57%
Iron Ore	Mt	58,522	271	89 (33%)	68%	87%
Lead	Mt Pb	34.61	163	87(53%)	85%	93%
Lithium	kt Li	8,799	25	19 (76%)	97%	100%
Manganese Ore	Mt	675	48	15 (31%)	98%	100%
Magnesite	Mt MgCO₃	354	37	13 (35%)	97%	100%
Mineral Sands
Ilmenite	Mt	308.3	179	83 (46%)	62%	80%
Rutile	Mt	42.2	162	59 (36%)	70%	89%
Zircon	Mt	89.7	179	82 (46%)	72%	90%
Molybdenum	kt	894	39	18 (46%)	96%	100%
Nickel	Mt Ni	24.7	200	118 (59%)	60%	82%
Rare Earths	Mt oxide	7.28	173	30 (17%)	85%	97%
Scandium	kt Sc	43.24	24	14 (58%)	95%	100%
Silver	kt Ag	85.37	294	175 (60%)	69%	82%
Tin	kt Sn	702	58	19 (33%)	97%	100%
Tungsten	kt W	568	32	15 (47%)	99%	100%
Uranium	kt U	1,283	95	32 (34%)	95%	99%
Vanadium	kt V	10,173	41	15 (37%)	94%	100%
Zinc	Mt Zn	61.76	186	108 (58%)	81%	89%

Abbreviations

t = tonne; kt = kilotonnes (1,000 t); Mt = million tonnes (1,000,000 t).
Where an element symbol follows the unit it refers to contained metal content.
EDR = Economic Demonstrated Resources.

Notes

For classification as a mineral deposit there must be, at a minimum, an Inferred Resource compliant with the JORC Code (or equivalent) or, in some cases, a historical (pre-JORC) resource estimate.

Table 10. Export value ($million) of mineral commodities, resources and energy, merchandise and goods and services, 2015 to 2024.

Category	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Total Mineral Exports	140,885	150,186	178,999	201,208	233,772	231,233	295,088	361,890	343,038	307,862
Total Resources and Energy Exports	166,131	175,645	213,046	257,304	296,859	278,248	359,988	473,016	436,412	394,856
Total Merchandise Exports	250,334	259,071	301,998	345,468	390,579	364,472	460,114	596,183	559,288	516,997
Total Goods and Services Exports	323,136	336,894	386,677	438,284	492,684	436,302	519,512	670,552	672,588	644,429

Notes

Total mineral exports includes: metallic minerals, energy minerals (coal and uranium), gemstones, mineral sands and refined minerals (concentrates, bullion, ingot metals).

Source

Office of the Chief Economist (Resources and Energy Quarterly September 2025).

Table 11. Australian export volume and values of mineral and metal commodities 2024.

Commodity	Export volume	Unit	Export earnings ($million)	Value ($/t or $/c)	Percentage of total mineral export earnings
Aluminium
Bauxite	42,562	kt	2,496	59	0.8%
Alumina	14,949	kt	10,559	706	3.4%
Ingot Metal	1,469	kt	5,601	3,813	1.8%
Black Coal
Metallurgical	152,906	kt	49,102	321	15.9%
Thermal	208,936	kt	36,023	172	11.7%
Copper
Ore and Concentrates	1,282	kt	6,512	5,080	2.1%
Refined	394	kt	5,357	13,596	1.7%
Diamonds
Unsorted	0	c	0	0	0.0%
Sorted Gem	30,412	c	125	4,110	minor
Gold – Refined	238	t	35,695	149,978,992	11.6%
Iron
Ore	901,661	kt	124,546	138	40.5%
Crude Steel	1,071	kt	1,336	1,247	0.4%
Scrap	2,310	kt	1,517	657	0.5%
Lead
Concentrates	374	kt	928	2,481	0.3%
Refined	161	kt	524	3,255	0.2%
Bullion	112	kt	504	4,500	0.2%
Lithium
Ore and Concentrates	3,961	kt	4,847	1,224	1.6%
Refined	14.0	kt	248	17,714	0.1%
Nickel¹
Ore and Concentrates	66	kt	252	3,818	0.1%
Refined and Intermediate	112	kt	2,857	25,509	0.9%
Silver – Refined	307	t	638	2,078,176	0.2%
Tin – concentrate	21,923	t	478	21,804	0.2%
Uranium – Oxide (U₃O₈)	5,473	t	1,272	232,414	0.4%
Zinc
Concentrates	1,692	kt	2,216	1,310	0.7%
Refined	399	kt	1,735	4,348	0.6%

Abbreviations

Total mineral exports earnings in 2024 were $307,862 million (see Table 10).

Source

Office of the Chief Economist (Resources and Energy Quarterly September 2025).

Nickel export data is sourced from Office of the Chief Economist (Resources and Energy Quarterly June 2025).

Table 12. Changes in Australian mineral and metal export volumes, earnings and values from 2023 to 2024, along with percentage share of export earnings in 2023 and 2024.

Commodity	Export volume (%)	Export earnings (%)	Value per unit (%)	Percentage of total mineral export earnings 2023	Percentage of total mineral export earnings 2024
Aluminium
Bauxite	14%	49%	31%	0.5%	0.8%
Alumina	-8%	27%	38%	2.4%	3.4%
Ingot Metal	1%	9%	8%	1.5%	1.8%
Black Coal
Metallurgical	1%	-14%	-15%	16.6%	15.9%
Thermal	3%	-22%	-25%	13.5%	11.7%
Copper
Ore and Concentrates	-7%	-2%	5%	1.9%	2.1%
Refined	-2%	7%	9%	1.5%	1.7%
Diamonds
Unsorted	-100%	-100%	-100%	minor	0.0%
Sorted Gem	-33%	-64%	-45%	0.1%	minor
Gold – Refined	-4%	26%	31%	8.3%	11.6%
Iron
Ore	1%	-9%	-10%	39.7%	40.5%
Crude Steel	0%	5%	6%	0.4%	0.4%
Scrap	13%	19%	5%	0.4%	0.5%
Lead
Concentrates	8%	15%	7%	0.2%	0.3%
Refined	25%	14%	-9%	0.1%	0.2%
Bullion	-7%	0%	7%	0.1%	0.2%
Lithium
Ore and Concentrates	11%	-74%	-77%	5.5%	1.6%
Refined	900%	481%	-42%	0.0%	0.1%
Nickel
Ore and Concentrates	-63%	-52%	30%	0.2%	0.1%
Refined and Intermediate	-21%	-29%	-10%	1.2%	0.9%
Silver - Refined	158%	173%	6%	0.1%	0.2%
Tin – metal content	23%	47%	19%	0.1%	0.2%
Uranium – Oxide (U₃O₈)	14%	40%	23%	0.3%	0.4%
Zinc
Ore and Concentrates	-16%	4%	23%	0.6%	0.7%
Refined	-9%	-9%	0%	0.6%	0.6%

Notes

Total mineral exports earnings in 2024 were $307,862 million (see Table 10). Minor refers to changes of less than 0.1%.

Source

Office of the Chief Economist (Resources and Energy Quarterly September 2025).

Table 13. Industry support and engagement.

Organisation¹	Role
AI Group – Minerals, Energy and Supply Chain Resilience	An organisation that represents and supports businesses across a wide range of sectors, including manufacturing, engineering, construction, and technology. Advocates for its members, promotes business interests at all levels of government, and provides advice, services, and research.
Association of Mining and Exploration Companies (AMEC)	Industry association representing explorers, emerging miners, producers, and associated businesses.
Austmine	An industry body representing the Australian mining equipment, technology and services sector.
Australian Institute of Geoscientists (AIG)	A professional institute representing geoscientists employed in all sectors of industry, education, research and government throughout Australia.
Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM)	An industry organisation that represents professionals working in the resources sector. With over 15,000 members from over 100 countries, the AusIMM is committed to supporting people working in all aspects of the mining industry.
Chamber of Minerals and Energy of Western Australia (CME)	Industry association representing the resources sector in Western Australia.
Critical Minerals Association Australia	Industry body that aims to amplify the voice of its members to build a profitable, sustainable and globally recognised critical minerals industry.
Industry Capability Network	An independent networking organisation that connects local suppliers and service providers to meet the requirements of local projects.
International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM)	A leadership organization for the global mining and metals industry that works to drive improvements in sustainable development by promoting environmental and social responsibility among its members. Their goal is to make responsible mining the global standard—creating safer workplaces, reducing environmental impact, and strengthening social outcomes.
Minerals Council of Australia (MCA)	Represents Australia’s exploration, mining and minerals processing industry, promoting and enhancing sustainability, profitability and competitiveness.
NSW Minerals Council	Industry association representing the resources sector in New South Wales.
Queensland Resources Council (QRC)	Industry association representing the resources sector in Queensland.
South Australian Chamber of Mines and Energy (SACOME)	Industry association representing the resources sector in South Australia.
Tasmanian Minerals, Manufacturing and Energy Council (TMEC)	Industry association representing the resources sector in Tasmania.

Notes

Australian peak body or industry association representing the exploration and mining industries.

Table 14. Cooperative Research Centres and other research.

Organisation¹	Role
ARC Centre of Excellence for Enabling Eco-Efficient Beneficiation of Minerals (COEMinerals)	A national research centre, funded by the Australian Research Council Centres of Excellence funding scheme, to address key industry and environmental challenges associated with mineral processing. The Centre comprises 9 Australian universities.
Australian Critical Minerals Research Centre	World-renowned for expertise in novel isotope geochemistry, mineral geochemistry and geophysics, which it is using to develop new exploration tools; boost understanding of critical mineral ores and mineral chemistry; and provide research that is commercialised by industry.
Critical Minerals Research & Development Hub	A collaboration between the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Geoscience Australia, and CSIRO. The Hub is working with industry, universities and the research community, to address technical challenges and drive collaborative research across the critical minerals value chain
Carbon capture utilisation and storage CRC (CO2CRC)	A world leader in carbon capture, utilisation and storage research that aims to be a leading source of decarbonisation technologies, recognised for generating innovative emission reduction solutions.
CRC for Transformations in Mining Economies(CRC TiME)	Aims to transform post-mine transitions by deploying innovative research that addresses the complex challenges underpinning mine closure and relinquishment.
Future Energy Exports CRC	Established to future-proof energy exports through industrial-scale research and innovation. Executes cutting-edge, industry-led research, education and training to help decarbonise Australian LNG while also establishing the capacity to export clean Hydrogen
Mineral Exploration CRC (MinEx CRC)	The world’s largest mineral exploration collaboration bringing together industry, government and research organisations.
Powering Australia	A federally-funded national industry growth centre dedicated to strengthening Australia’s clean technology manufacturing sector.

Notes

Australian initiatives connecting the mining industry with research and government.

Table 15. Australian Government support.

Federal Government¹	Role
Austrade	Austrade is the government’s lead trade and investment facilitation agency. It supports the resources sector by developing commercial partnerships to connect Australia with trade partners and target markets.
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO)	Supporting the development and characterisation of materials with consultancy, process development and research services to industry.
Australian Taxation Office (ATO)	Australia’s principal revenue collection agency. The ATO administers tax schemes that impact mineral and petroleum exploration, development and production.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)	CSIRO is one of the largest minerals research groups in the world, it partners with industry, government and the research sector to deliver breakthrough innovation across the minerals value chain.
Critical Minerals Office (CMO)	The government’s central coordination point to help grow Australia’s critical minerals sector and position Australia globally as a secure and reliable supplier of critical minerals.
Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (DCCEEW)	The department protects Australia’s natural environment and heritage sites, helps Australia respond to climate change and carefully manages our water and energy resources. The department has been established to deliver on the Government’s climate change and energy agenda and protect Australia’s environment and water resources.
Department of Home Affairs (DHA)	Administers a range of temporary and permanent visa options for business personnel, investors and skilled workers. The department also has carriage of Australia’s tariff and customs duties.
Department of Industry, Science and Resources (DISR)	Provides policy and program development to support Australian industry, science, resources, energy, emissions reduction and small and family business functions. Supports the resources sector through a variety of initiatives including funding, investment vehicles, and programs.
Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB)	A non-statutory advisory body established to advise the Treasurer and the Government on foreign investment matters and provide information on foreign investment approval requirements for investing in Australia.
Geoscience Australia	Geoscience Australia maximises benefits from Australia’s wealth of mineral resources. It provides geoscience data, expertise and analysis, and stimulates mineral exploration and investment.
Investor Front Door	Designed to improve Australia's investment environment by streamlining how investors and business interact with the government, helping them navigate approvals processes and fast‑track major projects where possible.
Major Projects Facilitation Agency (MPFA)	For major projects worth over $50 million, MPFA provides assistance to help navigate through Australia’s regulation and approval process.
Office of the Chief Economist (OCE)	Provides independent economic research, data, analysis and advice on issues affecting Australia’s energy and resource sectors.

State and Territory Governments²	Organisation
Australian Capital Territory Government	Chief Minister, Treasury and Economic Development Directorate
Government of South Australia	Department for Energy and Mining
Government of Tasmania	Department of State Growth – Mineral Resources Tasmania
Government of Victoria	Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action Resources Victoria
Government of Western Australia	Department of Mines, Petroleum and Exploration – Geological Survey of Western Australia
New South Wales Government	Department of Primary Industry and Regional Development – NSW Resources
Northern Territory Government	Department of Mining and Energy – The Northern Territory Geological Survey
Queensland Government	Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Manufacturing and Regional and Rural Development

Local Governments³	Role/organisation
Australia has >500 local government councils.	Responsible for regulating services and activities for their region or district.

Notes

The Australian Government sets national policy including fiscal, monetary and taxation policy, foreign investment guidelines, immigration, competition policy, trade and customs, company law, international agreements, native title and regulates operations in offshore waters.
State and Territory Governments manage and allocate mineral and petroleum property rights onshore and in coastal waters, have primary responsibility for land administration, regulating operations (including environmental and occupational health and safety) and collecting royalties on the minerals produced.
Local Governments operate at city, town or shire/district level and have responsibility for handling community needs such as local roads, waste collection, public recreation facilities and town planning.

Australia's Identified Mineral Resources 2025 Preliminary Tables

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

Table 10

Table 11

Table 12

Table 13

Table 14

Table 15